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Jul 28, 2018 The social and political background to the forest fire disaster in Greece By Katerina Selin 28 July 2018 The number of deaths in the Greek town of Mati has risen hour by hour since the outbreak of.
If you are interested in holding a home funeral for a loved one who has died, you’ll need to be aware of the laws that apply. Here is an overview of the rules that govern home funerals in Texas. Do You Need a Funeral Director in Texas?In all states, it is legal to have your loved one’s body at home after they die. Texas does not require you to involve a licensed funeral director in making or carrying out final arrangements. (See, for example, (2018), which requires the “person in charge of interment or in charge of removal of a body from a registration district” to file the death certificate.)Texas regulations require anyone who assumes custody of a body to file a “Report of Death” form with the local registrar of vital statistics within 24 hours of taking custody of the body. ( (2018).) You can download a blank (Form VS-115) from the website of the Texas Vital Statistics Unit.
Who’s In Charge of Body Disposition and Funeral Arrangements?Texas law determines who has the right to make final decisions about a person’s body and funeral services. This right goes first to any person named by the deceased person in writing before death, and after that to family members in an established order.To learn the rules and the exact order of priority, see. Must the Body Be Embalmed?In Texas, a body must be embalmed, refrigerated, or placed in a sealed container if final disposition will not occur within 24 hours after the death. ( (2018).) If a death occurs and no relative or other authorized person claims the body, the body must be embalmed within 24 hours. ( (2018).)If you plan to transport the body by common carrier (such as an airplane or train), Texas regulations require the body to be embalmed or placed in:. an airtight metal casket encased in a “strong outside shipping case,” or.
a sound casket encased in an airtight metal or metal-lined shipping case.( (2018).)Refrigeration or dry ice can usually preserve a body for a short time. There are resources available to help you learn to prepare a body at home for burial or cremation. The website of the is a good place to start.If the person died of a contagious disease, you should consult a doctor. Getting a Death CertificateTexas law requires you to file the death certificate with the local registrar within ten days after the death and before final disposition. ( (2018).)The deceased person’s doctor, the medical examiner, a justice of the peace, or, if the person was was receiving palliative care through hospice, an advance practice registered nurse must supply the date, time, and cause of death within five days after receiving the death certificate. ( (2018); (2018).)Texas now uses electronic death registration, but not all doctors and funeral directors use the system.
If you will not be using a funeral director to carry out final arrangements, you must file the Report of Death form (described above) with the local registrar, who will send the electronic record to the medical certifier for completion, if he or she is on the system. If not, the registrar will print a paper death certificate, which you must present to the medical certifier for signing. You will then need to return the death certificate to the registrar’s office for filing.If you are using a funeral director, the funeral director will file the report of death, obtain the medical certification, and file the death certificate.You will need certified copies of the death certificate to carry out certain tasks after the death, such as arranging for the disposition of the body and transferring the deceased person’s property to inheritors. You may be able to file the death certificate and get certified copies the same day. If not, you will have to make a return trip to pick up the copies.
Be prepared to pay a small fee for each copy. Getting a Permit to Transport the BodyIn Texas, a copy of the Report of Death (described above) serves as a permit to transport and bury the body within the state.
( (2018).)If the body will be transported out of the state for final disposition, shipped by common carrier, or cremated, the local registrar must issue a burial-transit permit after you file the death certificate. ( (2018).) Can You Bury a Body at Home?There are no state laws in Texas prohibiting home burial, but local governments may have rules governing private burials. Before burying a body on private property or establishing a family cemetery, you should check with the county or town clerk for any zoning laws you must follow. You can most likely hold a home burial if you live in a rural area.For more information, see the on the Texas Cemeteries Association website. What About Cremation?Some crematories require a funeral director to arrange cremation. If you don’t want to use a funeral director, make sure the crematory is willing to accept the body directly from the family.
In Texas, a burial-transit permit issued by the local registrar serves as a cremation permit. The death certificate must be filed before the registrar will issue this permit. ( (2018).)There is a required waiting period of 48 hours before cremation may occur, unless waived in writing by a justice of the peace, a medical examiner, or court order. ( (2018).)Texas law allows you to scatter ashes:.
on uninhabited public land. over a public waterway or sea, or. on private property, with the owner’s permission.( (2018).)Cremated remains must be removed from their container before scattering, unless the container is biodegradable. ( (2018).)For more information about cremation, including more information on scattering ashes, see. Getting Help With Home FuneralsEven the most staunch home funeral advocates know that learning to care for one’s own dead can be difficult, especially during a time of grief. If you need help, there are people available to coach you through the process.
You can find local guides, consultants, and other resources by visiting the website. The book, by Joshua Slocum and Lisa Carlson, also offers extensive information on the subject.For more information about final arrangements and documenting your final wishes in advance, see Nolo’s section on. Self-help services may not be permitted in all states. The information provided on this site is not legal advice, does not constitute a lawyer referral service, and no attorney-client or confidential relationship is or will be formed by use of the site.
The attorney listings on this site are paid attorney advertising. In some states, the information on this website may be considered a lawyer referral service. Please reference the Terms of Use and the Supplemental Terms for specific information related to your state. Your use of this website constitutes acceptance of the,.
Born | November 22, 1898 Corinth, Van Zandt County, Texas, US |
---|---|
Died | August 15, 1935 (aged 36) |
Occupation | Aviator |
Spouse(s) | Mae Laine (m. June 27, 1927) |
Winnie Mae, Wiley Post's Lockheed Vega when it was on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
Wiley Hardeman Post (November 22, 1898 – August 15, 1935) was a famed American aviator during the interwar period and the first pilot to fly solo around the world. Also known for his work in high-altitude flying, Post helped develop one of the first pressure suits and discovered the jet stream. On August 15, 1935, Post and American humorist Will Rogers were killed when Post's aircraft crashed on takeoff from a lagoon near Point Barrow in the Territory of Alaska.
Post's Lockheed Vega aircraft, the Winnie Mae, was on display at the National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center from 2003 to 2011. It is now featured in the 'Time and Navigation' gallery on the second floor of the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.
Early life[edit]
Post was born to cotton farmer parents, William Francis and Mae Quinlan Post. His family moved to Oklahoma when he was five. He was an indifferent student, but managed to complete the sixth grade. By 1920 his family settled on a farm near Maysville, Oklahoma.[1][a]
Young Wiley's first view of an aircraft in flight came in 1913 at the county fair in Lawton, Oklahoma. The plane was a Curtiss-Wright 'Pusher type'. The event so inspired him that he immediately enrolled in the Sweeney Automobile and Aviation School in Kansas City. Seven months later, he returned to Oklahoma and went to work at the Chickasaw and Lawton Construction Company.[1]
During World War I Post wanted to become a pilot in the U.S. Army Air Service (USAS). Joining the training camp at the University of Oklahoma, he learned radio technology. Germany surrendered before he completed his training, the war ended, and he went to work as a 'roughneck' in the Oklahoma oilfields. The work was unsteady and he turned briefly to armed robbery. He was arrested in 1921 and sent to the Oklahoma State Reformatory. Serving more than a year in the Oklahoma State Reformatory, he was paroled in the summer of 1922.[1]
Early flying career[edit]
Post's aviation career began at age 26 as a parachutist for a flying circus, Burrell Tibbs and His Texas Topnotch Fliers, and he became well known on the barnstorming circuit. On October 1, 1926, an oil field accident cost him his left eye, but he used the settlement money to buy his first aircraft. Around this time, he met fellow Oklahoman Will Rogers when he flew Rogers to a rodeo, and the two eventually became close friends. Post was the personal pilot of wealthy Oklahoma oilmen Powell Briscoe and F.C. Hall in 1930 when Hall bought a high-wing, single-engine Lockheed Vega, one of the most famous record-breaking aircraft of the early 1930s. The oilman nicknamed it the Winnie Mae[4] after his daughter, and Post achieved his first national prominence in it by winning the National Air Race Derby, from Los Angeles to Chicago. The fuselage was inscribed, 'Los Angeles to Chicago 9 hrs. 8 min. 2 sec. August 27, 1930.' Adam Charles Williams finished second with a time of 9 hrs. 9 min. 4 sec.[5]
Around the world[edit]
Wiley Post with Harold Gatty in Germany, 1931
In 1930, the record for flying around the world was not held by a fixed-wing aircraft, but by the Graf Zeppelin, piloted by Hugo Eckener in 1929 with a time of 21 days. On June 23, 1931, Post and the Australian navigator Harold Gatty, left Roosevelt Field on Long Island, New York, in the Winnie Mae with a flight plan that would take them around the world, stopping at Harbour Grace, Flintshire, Hanover twice, Berlin, Moscow, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Nome, where his propeller had to be repaired, Fairbanks where the propeller was replaced, Edmonton, and Cleveland before returning to Roosevelt Field. They arrived back on July 1, after traveling 15,474 miles (24,903 km) in the record time of 8 days and 15 hours and 51 minutes, in the first successful aerial circumnavigation by a single-engined monoplane. The reception they received rivaled Charles Lindbergh's everywhere they went. They had lunch at the White House on July 6, rode in a ticker-tape parade the next day in New York City, and were honored at a banquet given by the Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of America at the Hotel Astor. After the flight, Post acquired the Winnie Mae from F.C. Hall, and he and Gatty published an account of their journey titled, Around the World in Eight Days, with an introduction by Will Rogers.[citation needed]
First solo pilot[edit]
After the record-setting flight, Post wanted to open his own aeronautical school, but could not raise enough financial support because of doubts many had about his rural background and limited formal education. Motivated by his detractors, Post decided to attempt a solo flight around the world and to break his previous speed record. Over the next year, Post improved his aircraft by installing an autopilot device and a radio direction finder that were in their final stages of development by the Sperry Gyroscope Company and the United States Army.
In 1933, he repeated his flight around the world, this time using the auto-pilot and compass in place of his navigator and becoming the first to accomplish the feat alone. He departed from Floyd Bennett Field and continued on to Berlin where repairs were attempted to his autopilot, stopped at Königsberg to replace some forgotten maps, Moscow for more repairs to his autopilot, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk for final repairs to the autopilot, Rukhlovo, Khabarovsk, Flat where his propeller had to be replaced, Fairbanks, Edmonton, and back to Floyd Bennett Field. Fifty thousand people greeted him on his return on July 22 after 7 days, 18 hours, 49 minutes.[6][7]
Pressure suit[edit]
Wiley Post in his third pressure suit
In 1934, with financial support from Frank Phillips of the Phillips Petroleum Company, Post began exploring the limits of high-altitude long-distance flight. The Winnie Mae's cabin could not be pressurized, so he worked with Russell S. Colley of the B.F. Goodrich Company to develop what became the world's first practical pressure suit. Three pressure suits were fabricated for Wiley Post; only the final version proved successful. The first suit ruptured during a pressure test. The redesigned second suit used the same helmet as the first but when tested was too tight and they were unable to remove it from Post, so they had to cut him out thus destroying the suit. The third suit was redesigned from the previous two.[8][9]
The body of the suit had three layers: long underwear, an inner black rubber air pressure bladder, and an outer layer made of rubberized parachute fabric. The outer layer was glued to a frame with arm and leg joints that allowed him to operate the flight controls and to walk to and from the aircraft. Attached to the frame were pigskin gloves, rubber boots, and an aluminum-and-plastic diver's helmet. The helmet had a removable faceplate that could be sealed at a height of 17,000 ft, and could accommodate earphones and a throat microphone. The helmet was cylinder-shaped with a circular window. In the first flight using the suit on September 5, 1934, Post reached an altitude of 40,000 ft above Chicago. Eventually flying as high as 50,000 ft, Post discovered the jet stream and made the first major practical advances in pressurized flight.[10] As of 2011 the suit is currently being restored.[11]
Attempted high altitude non-stop transcontinental flights[edit]
Cover flown by Wiley Post on all four of his attempts to make the first high altitude non-stop transcontinental flight from Los Angeles to New York. February–June 1935
Between February 22 and June 15, 1935, Post made four unsuccessful attempts to complete the first high altitude non-stop flight from Los Angeles to New York, all of which failed for various mechanical reasons. The first attempt on February 22 ended just 57.5 miles north of Los Angeles at Muroc, CA (Now Edwards AFB). This was followed by attempts on March 15 (Cleveland, Ohio; 2,035 miles), April 14 (Lafayette, Indiana; 1,760 miles), and June 15 (Wichita, KS; 1,188 miles).
As the attempts were also meant to be the 'First Air Mail Stratosphere Flight' over U.S. Air Mail Route #2 (AM-2) from Los Angeles to New York, Post also carried a quantity of 'cacheted' covers sponsored by Transcontinental & Western Air, Inc on all four flights. When Post was killed on August 15, 1935, thus ending the possibility of any more attempts to complete the AM-2 stratosphere flight, the covers were finally cancelled in Los Angeles on August 20, 1935, and forwarded to their addressees.[citation needed]
Final flight and death[edit]
Post with Will Rogers, August 1935
In 1935 Post became interested in surveying a mail-and-passenger air route from the West Coast of the United States to Russia. Short on cash, he built a hybrid using parts salvaged from two different aircraft: the fuselage of an airworthy Lockheed Orion and the wings of a wrecked experimental Lockheed Explorer. The Explorer wing was six feet longer in span than the Orion's original wing, an advantage that extended the range of the hybrid aircraft. As the Explorer wing did not have retractable landing gear, it also lent itself to the fitting of floats for landing in the lakes of Alaska and Siberia. Lockheed refused to make the modifications Post requested on the grounds that the two designs were incompatible and potentially a dangerous mix, so Wiley made the changes himself.[12]
Post's friend Will Rogers visited him often at the airport in Burbank, California, while Pacific Airmotive Ltd. was modifying the aircraft,[13] and asked Post to fly him through Alaska in search of new material for his newspaper column. When the floats Post had ordered were delayed, he used a set designed for a larger type, making the aircraft more nose-heavy than it already was.[14] However, according to the research of Bryan Sterling, the floats were the correct type for the aircraft.[12]
After making a test flight in July, Post and Rogers left Lake Washington, near Seattle, in early August and made several stops in Alaska. While Post piloted the aircraft, Rogers wrote his columns on his typewriter. On August 15, they left Fairbanks, Alaska, for Point Barrow. They were a few miles from there when they became uncertain of their position in bad weather and landed in a lagoon to ask for directions. On takeoff, the engine failed at low altitude, and the aircraft, uncontrollably nose-heavy at low speed, plunged into the lagoon, shearing off the right wing, and ended up inverted in the shallow part. Both men died instantly.[15]Post is buried in Memorial Park Cemetery (section 48), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.[16]
Honors and tributes[edit]
In 1936, the Smithsonian Institution acquired the Winnie Mae from Post's widow for $25,000. Two monuments at the crash site commemorate the death of the two men and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[17] The nearby Wiley Post–Will Rogers Memorial Airport located in Utqiagvik, Alaska bears their names.
Wiley Post Airport, a large FAA designated reliever airport in Oklahoma City, is named after Post. Oklahoma City's major commercial airport is named after Will Rogers, so that both victims of the crash are honored by airports in Oklahoma City. The Will Rogers – Wiley Post Memorial Seaplane Base is a seaplane base located on Lake Washington, at the north end of the Renton Municipal Airport in Renton, Washington.
The U.S. Army Air Forces (later United States Air Force) named a street on the former Maywood Army Air Forces Specialized Storage Depot (later Cheli Air Force Station), after Post. No longer owned by the federal government, Wiley Post Road remains, connecting Bandini Boulevard and Lindbergh Lane in Bell, California.
Post received the Distinguished Flying Cross (1932), the Gold Medal of Belgium (1934), and the International Harmon Trophy (1934). He was enshrined in the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1969.[18] Post was inducted into the First Flight Society's First Flight Shrine, located at the Wright Brothers National Memorial, on December 17, 1970.
In 1997, he was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.[19]
In 1979, the United States Postal Service honored Post with two airmailstamps.[20]
Post was inducted posthumously into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 2004.[21]
For many years, The Wiley Post Commission, based in Oklahoma City, presented the annual Wiley Post Spirit Award to 'an individual in general aviation who best exemplifies the innovative and pioneering spirit of Wiley Post.'[22]
Notes[edit]
- ^There is disagreement about Wiley Post's birthplace. Some sources say it was Grand Saline, Texas.[2][1] others claim he was born in Corinth, Van Zandt County, Texas.[1] An old edition of the World Book claims it was Grand Plain Texas. Even Maysville, Oklahoma has claimed the honor.[3]
References[edit]
Citations
- ^ abcdeCarlson. Erik D. 'Post, Wiley Hardeman (1898–1935).'Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved: April 10, 2015.
- ^Johnson, Bobby H. 'Post, Wiley Hardeman.'The Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved: April 3, 2009.
- ^'Festival Celebrates Wiley Post's Birthplace.' Oklahoman. June 10, 1999. Accessed January 19, 2017.
- ^'Lockheed Vega Winnie Mae'. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Smithonian National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
- ^Smith, Gibbs (5 September 2006). 'Oklahoma, Our Home'. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
- ^'Wiley H. Post'. First Flight Society. Retrieved: December 6, 2012. Twenty-one hours less than his previous record, and he was given a second ticker-tape parade in New York.
- ^Meunier, Claude. 'WILEY POST'. Solo flights around the world. October 15, 2007. Retrieved: December 6, 2012.
- ^Young 2009, pp. 13–16.
- ^Kozloski 1994, pp. 11–14.
- ^Mallan 1971, p. 31.
- ^'Wiley Post suit in Rocketry and Space Flight.'National Air & Space Museum via nasm.si.edu. Retrieved: July 18, 2010.
- ^ abSterling 2001, p. 164.
- ^Sterling 2001, pp. 167–169.
- ^Johnson and Mohler. Wiley Post, His Winnie Mae, and the World's First Pressure Suit. p. 112. Retrieved: 3 April 2009.
- ^Sterling 2001, p. 246.
- ^History Ahead
- ^'Rogers-Post Site'. Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms. U.S. National Park Service. September 3, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
- ^'Wiley Post: Dare Devil'. National Aviation Hall of Fame (NAHF). Dayton, OH. 2006. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
- ^Sprekelmeyer, Linda, ed. (2006). These we honor: the International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers. ISBN978-1-57864-397-4.
- ^Horwitz, Ed (1995). 'Wiley Post remembered as aviation pioneer'. Stamps. ISSN0038-9358.
- ^'Post, Wiley | 2004'. Oklahoma Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
- ^'Wiley Post Spirit Award presented to international aviator for the first time'. General Aviation News. January 5, 2007. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
Bibliography
- Johnson, Bobby H. 'Post, Wiley Hardeman.'The Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved: April 3, 2009.
- Johnson, Bobby H. and R. Stanley Mohler. Wiley Post, His Winnie Mae, and the World's First Pressure Suit. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1971. ISBN978-0-8061-3768-1.
- Kozloski, Lillian D. U.S. Space Gear: Outfitting The Astronaut. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994. ISBN0-87474-459-8.
- 'Lockheed 5C Vega.'Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved: April 3, 2009.
- Mallan, Lloyd. Suiting Up For Space: The Evolution of the Space Suit. New York: The John Day Company, 1971.
- Onkst, David H. ' Wiley Post.'U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. Retrieved: 3 April 2009.
- Post, Wiley.Around The World In Eight Days. New York: Crown Book, reprint 1989. ISBN0-517-57352-0.
- Sterling, Bryan and Frances. Forgotten Eagle: Wiley Post: America's Heroic Aviation Pioneer. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2001. ISBN0-7867-0894-8.
- 'Wiley Post.'. Century of Flight. Retrieved: April 3, 2009.
- 'Wiley Post and the Winnie Mae.'AcePilots.com, 2003. Retrieved: April 3, 2009.
- Young, Amanda. Spacesuits: The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum Collection. Brooklyn, NY: House Cultural Entertainment Inc., 2009. ISBN978-1-57687-498-1.
External links[edit]
- 'Wiley Post seeks New Record'Popular Mechanics, October 1934 pp. 492–494
- Renton Municipal Airport - Will Rogers-Wiley Post Seaplane Base.
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